IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FIVE
JAN BIDASHA,
Plaintiff and Appellant, v.
NOVASTAR LLC et al.,
Defendant and Respondent
OCT 26, 2020 | REPUBLISHED BY LIT: JUN 9, 2021
After defaulting on a loan secured on her residence, Jan Bidasha sued the lender, Novastar LLC, for rescission or cancellation of the subject deed of trust.
Novastar successfully defended the action, and then moved for attorney fees based on provision in the deed of trust dealing with attorney’s fees.
The trial court awarded Novastar $60,337.83 in fees.
Bidasha appeals the fee order, and argues the court erred in finding the deed of trust authorized an award of attorney fees as part of the judgment. We agree and reverse.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In 2014, Bidasha obtained a loan from Novastar secured by a deed of trust on her residence. After she defaulted on her loan payments, Bidasha sued Novastar and other defendants alleging predatory loan practices and related wrongdoing.
As against Novastar, she asserted causes of action for fraud, constructive fraud, rescission and cancellation of the deed of trust, violation of Business and Professions Code section 17200, and negligence.
Novastar moved for judgment on the pleadings, which the trial court granted.
Novastar then moved for attorney fees under paragraph 7 of the deed of trust. The deed of trust identifies Novastar as the “Lender” and Bidasha as “Borrower.” Paragraph 7 provides,
“If Borrower fails to perform the covenants and agreements contained in this Deed of Trust, or if any action or proceeding is commenced which materially affects Lender’s interest in the Property, the Lender, at Lender’s option, upon notice to Borrower, may make such appearances, disburse such sums, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, and take such action as is necessary to protect Lender’s interest.
Any amounts disbursed by Lender pursuant to this paragraph . . . shall become additional indebtedness of Borrower secured by this Deed of trust.”
Novastar argued that paragraph 7 “specifically authorizes Novastar to recover its attorney’s fees,” and asked the trial court to award reasonable fees of $95,337.83.
The trial court granted the motion, concluding that under paragraph 7 Novastar was entitled to recover its fees defending the cause of action for rescission or cancellation of the deed of trust which “materially affected” Novastar’s interest in the property.1
The court reduced the fees to $60,337.83 “in consideration of [Bidasha’s] argument as to Novastar’s actual defense of issues materially affecting its ‘interest in the property.’ ”
Bidasha timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
“On appeal, a determination of the legal basis for an attorney fees award is reviewed de novo as a question of law. [Citation.] [¶]
Each party to a lawsuit must pay his or her own attorney fees except where a statute or contract provides otherwise.
[Citation.]” (Cargill, Inc. v. Souza (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 962, 966.)
Novastar contends that paragraph 7 of the deed of trust entitled it to recover its fees in a judicial proceeding in which Novastar defends its interest in the property.
Its Respondent’s Brief, however, selectively quotes the deed of trust when it cites only this passage:
“If any action or proceeding is commenced which materially affects Lender’s interest in the Property, the Lender, at Lender’s option, upon notice to Borrower, may make such appearances, disburse such sums, including reasonable
1 Novastar also moved for attorney’s fees under Civil Code section 1717 (reciprocal contractual attorney’s fees). The trial court rejected this argument. We do not address it.
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attorneys’ fees, and take such action as is necessary to protect Lender’s interest.”2
Missing completely from Novastar’s recitation of paragraph 7 is the language that follows:
“Any amounts disbursed by Lender pursuant to this paragraph . . . shall become additional indebtedness of Borrower secured by this Deed of Trust.” (Italics added.)
When read fairly and completely, paragraph 7 of the deed of trust does not authorize a separate award of attorney fees as part of a judgment in court proceedings, but instead authorizes Novastar to add the fees to the borrower’s secured debt.
It is quite silent on an award of fees to a prevailing party in a lawsuit.
The single appellate case that Novastar cites for the notion that paragraph 7 authorizes an attorney fees award as part of judicial proceedings is Santa Clara Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Pereira (1985) 164 Cal.App.3d 1089 (Santa Clara) where the court concluded a lender was entitled to recover attorney fees in a dispute concerning a deed of trust.
The deed of trust at issue contained identical language to paragraph 7.3 (Id. at p. 1097.)
2 In point of fact, Novastar repeats its severely truncated version of paragraph 7 twice, once on page 8 and again on page 12 of its Respondent’s Brief.
3 In Santa Clara, paragraph 7 of the deed of trust provided, “If Borrower fails to perform the covenants and agreements contained in this Deed of Trust, or if any action or proceeding is commenced which materially affects Lender’s interest in the Property, . . . then Lender . . . may make such appearances, disburse such sums and take such action as is necessary to protect Lender’s interest, including, but not limited to, disbursement of reasonable attorney’s fees.
Any amounts disbursed by Lender pursuant to this paragraph 7, with interest thereon, shall become additional indebtedness of Borrower secured by this Deed of Trust.”
(Santa Clara, supra, 164 Cal.App.3d at p. 1097.)
CONCLUSIONS OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS INQUIRY COMMISSION (2011)
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The Santa Clara court held that the action “certainly affected lender’s interest in the property, and the disbursement of attorney’s fees was necessary to protect that interest. Therefore, lender was entitled to attorney’s fees under this aspect of paragraph 7 . . . .” (Id. at p. 1098.)
What is missing from the opinion is a consideration of whether the attorney fees were to be added to the judgment or only the debt.
The court, and perhaps the parties, focused only on whether the proceeding “materially affects Lender’s interest in the Property,” not the available remedy. The opinion, thus, does not resolve the issue as we have framed it.
Subsequent case law has.4
In both Hart v. Clear Recon Corp. (2018) 27 Cal.App.5th 322 (Hart) and Chacker v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (2018) 27 Cal.App.5th 351 (Chacker), the Court of Appeal addressed whether the inclusion of an award of fees in a judgment was authorized by a deed of trust provision stating that attorney fees become additional debt of the borrower.
The Hart and Chacker courts both answered the question in the negative and reversed the trial courts’ award of fees.
In Hart, the deed of trust provided,
“Lender may . . . pay[ ] reasonable attorneys’ fees to protect its interest in the Property and/or rights under this Security Instrument….Any amounts disbursed by Lender under this Section [ ] shall become additional debt of Borrower secured by this Security Instrument.”
(Hart, supra, 27 Cal.App.5th at p. 325.)
The appellate court read the provision as providing “that attorney’s fees, like any other expenses the lender may incur to protect its interest, will be added to the secured debt.”
(Id. at p. 327.)
4 To the extent Santa Clara could be read as resolving the issue before us, we respectfully choose not to follow that opinion. (See Gonzalez v. Lew (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 155, 166, fn. 7 [“[t]here is no horizontal stare decisis in the California Court of Appeal”].)
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In Chacker, the deed of trust provided,
“ ‘Lender may do and pay for whatever is reasonable or appropriate to protect Lender’s interest in the Property and rights under this Security Instrument, including . . . paying reasonable attorneys’ fees to protect its interest in the Property and/or rights under the Security Instrument . . . .’
Section 9 [of the deed of trust] further specifies . . . that any amounts disbursed by lender for this purpose ‘shall become additional debt of Borrower secured by this Security Instrument’ and that the ‘amounts shall bear interest at the Note rate from the date of disbursement and shall be payable, with such interest, upon notice from Lender to Borrower requesting payment.’ ”
(Chacker, supra, 27 Cal. App. 5th at 356–357.)
As in Hart, the Chacker court concluded that the deed of trust did not provide for a separate award of attorney’s fees as part of a judgment, and that attorney fees could only be added to the loan amount.
(Id. at p. 357.)
Novastar cited neither Hart or Chacker in its Respondent’s Brief; nor did Bidasha in her brief.5
5 By letter dated September 25, 2020, we asked the parties to discuss Hart and Chacker at oral argument.
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Both Hart and Chacker cited to federal district courts that had reached the same conclusion and noted there was no authority to the contrary. (See Hart, supra, 27 Cal.App.5th at pp. 327–328 citing Valencia v. Carrington Mortg. Services, LLC (D.Hawaii, June 25, 2013, No. CIVIL-10-00558 LEK-RLP) 2013 L U.S.Dist. LEXIS 88886, at *2
[“the mortgage does not entitle the Bank Defendants to recover attorneys’ fees as an award pursuant to the instant litigation. Rather, as provided in the mortgage, the Bank Defendants may convert the amounts spent on attorneys’ fees into additional debt secured by the mortgage.”];
see Chacker, supra, 27 Cal.App.5th at p. 358 citing Eisenberg v. Citibank, N.A. (C.D.Cal. Oct. 11, 2017, No. 2:13-cv-01814-CAS(JPRx) ) 2017 U.S.Dist. LEXIS 169182, p. *11
[concluding an apparently identical section 9 in a deed of trust “authorize[d] attorneys’ fees to be added to the borrower’s outstanding debt”].)
We reach the same result as in Hart and Chacker.
The deed of trust here does not contain a variation on the theme of
“the prevailing party is entitled to its attorneys’ fees as part of the judgment.”
To the contrary, the deed of trust provides no more than if the lender has incurred reasonable attorney fees under paragraph 7, those fees become additional debt secured by the deed of trust.
The trial court erred in granting Novastar’s motion for fees.
DISPOSITION
The order is reversed. Bidasha shall recover her costs on appeal.
RUBIN, P. J.
WE CONCUR:
Division Five: Presiding Justice Laurence D. Rubin
Division Five: Presiding Justice Laurence D. Rubin
Laurence D. Rubin was confirmed as the Presiding Justice of the Second District Court of Appeal, Division Five, in December 2018.
He served as an Associate Justice in Division Eight beginning October 2001.
Prior to his appointment, Presiding Justice Rubin was a trial judge on the Los Angeles Superior Court and Santa Monica Municipal Court for 19 years, handling felony, misdemeanor, and civil trials.
While a trial court judge, he sat on assignment with the Court of Appeal in 1985, 1992, 1995, and 2000.
During his 32 years on the trial and appellate courts, Justice Rubin has been active in a number of judicial activities.
Since 2005, he has been a member of the California Supreme Court’s Advisory Committee on the Code of Judicial Ethics.
The Committee advises the Supreme Court on ethics matters and on amendments to the Code of Judicial Ethics.
Effective January 2013, the Supreme Court amended the Code in a comprehensive manner based on recommendations of its Advisory Committee.
Justice Rubin has also chaired the California Judges Association’s Committee on Judicial Ethics and served as the Association’s Vice President in 1996.
For seven years, Justice Rubin was a member of the Judicial Council’s Trial Court Coordination Advisory Committee.
The work of the Committee eventually produced a series of recommendations that led to the passage of an amendment to the California Constitution and companion legislation that unified the state’s trial courts, resulting in significant savings of financial and judicial resources.
Justice Rubin has long been active in judicial and legal education, teaching ethics, technology, and appellate practice to various associations of judges and attorneys throughout the state.
He has served as a mock trial judge and taught legal classes at UCLA and USC, and was President of the UCLA Law Alumni Association. He has also participated in a number of community activities during his legal career.
Justice Rubin was previously a member of the Beverly Hills and Santa Monica Bar Association Board of Governors, and served as the former’s Barristers (Young Lawyers) President.
Justice Rubin is a lifelong resident of Los Angeles, having graduated UCLA as an undergraduate (B.A. 1968) and law school (J.D. 1971).
Following law school, he was a law clerk for California Supreme Court Justice Stanley Mosk.
He then joined the firm of Kaplan, Livingston Goodwin Berkowitz and Selvin, and later Mitchell, Silberberg & Knupp, before his appointment to the bench.
Justice Rubin is married to Susan Grinel and is the father of two adult sons.
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The Commission on Judicial Appointments unanimously confirmed Lamar Baker as a Justice of the Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District in 2015.
Before his appointment to the bench, Justice Baker served as Special Assistant to the President and Associate Counsel to the President at the White House from 2014 to 2015, where he served as Associate Counsel from 2013 to 2014.
From 2012 to 2013, he served as a Deputy Assistant Attorney General at the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Legal Policy in Washington, D.C., where he was chief of staff from 2011 to 2012 and senior counsel from 2010 to 2011. During his tenure at the Justice Department, the Attorney General of the United States recognized Justice Baker with the Award for Distinguished Service, the second-highest award given by the Department for employee performance.
From 2005 to 2010, Justice Baker served as a Federal prosecutor at the U.S. Attorney’s Office in Los Angeles where he handled public corruption cases and represented the government in criminal appeals. He worked in private practice at the law firm of Strumwasser and Woocher LLP from 2002 to 2005, and served as a law clerk to the Honorable Dorothy W. Nelson at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit from 2001 to 2002.
Justice Baker earned his law degree from Yale Law School and his Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy and Political Science from Stanford University. He was born and raised in the San Francisco area.
In 2018, Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. appointed Dorothy Kim as an Associate Justice to the California Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, Division Five. She was unanimously confirmed by the Commission on Judicial Appointments. In 2013, she was appointed by Governor Brown as a Judge to the Los Angeles Superior Court, where she presided as a trial judge in criminal cases.
Prior to her appointment to the bench, Justice Kim served as a federal prosecutor at the United States Attorney’s Office, where she specialized in cases involving fraud, environmental crimes, and public corruption. During her 12 years with the United States Attorney’s Office, Justice Kim served in several positions including as Deputy Chief of the Criminal Division. In 2007, she was awarded the Attorney General’s Distinguished Service Award, for her work on an environmental pollution matter.
Justice Kim began her legal career as a Law Clerk to the Honorable Norman H. Stahl, at the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. Justice Kim also worked in private practice at Irell & Manella LLP.
Justice Kim earned her law degree from Columbia University School of Law, where she received the Pauline Berman Heller Prize, awarded to the highest-ranked woman in the graduating class. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree from Cornell University.
Justice Kim was born in Korea and grew up in Los Angeles.
